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CBSEClass 8Science★ 10-12 marks · CBSE Class 8 Science (Curiosity Chapter 13)

'Our Home: Earth, A Unique Life Sustaining Planet'

'Our Home: Earth' is the closing chapter of Curiosity Class 8 — exploring Earth as a unique planet with the right conditions for life. Master Earth's layers, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, climate change, and our responsibilities as inhabitants of this precious planet. CBSE Class 8 Science (Curiosity) Chapter 13.

⏱ 22 min readEasy difficulty✓ Free · NCERT-aligned
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By the end of this chapter you'll be able to…

  • 1Describe Earth's layers (crust, mantle, core)
  • 2Identify the four spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere)
  • 3Understand atmosphere composition and ozone layer
  • 4Recognise climate change causes and impacts
  • 5Apply principles of environmental responsibility
💡
Why this chapter matters
Closing chapter of Class 8 Science. Synthesises Earth science, climate change, and environmental responsibility. Most urgent topic of our time.

Before you start — revise these

A 5-minute refresher here will save you 30 minutes of confusion below.

🔗
How Nature Works in Harmony
Previous

Our Home: Earth — Class 8 Science (Curiosity)

"Earth is the only known planet with life. In all the vastness of the universe, it is our only home. We must protect it."

1. About the Chapter

This is the closing chapter of NCERT Class 8 Science (Curiosity). It brings together themes from the entire textbook:

  • Earth's structure (layers)
  • The four 'spheres' — atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere
  • Why Earth supports life (unique conditions)
  • Climate change and environmental challenges
  • Our responsibilities as Earth's caretakers

2. Earth — A Unique Planet

Quick Facts

  • Age: ~4.54 billion years
  • Diameter: ~12,742 km
  • Distance from Sun: ~149.6 million km (1 AU)
  • Mass: ~5.97 × 10²⁴ kg
  • One rotation: 24 hours
  • One revolution: 365.25 days
  • Tilt: 23.5°
  • Atmosphere: 78% N₂, 21% O₂, 1% other

Why Life Exists on Earth

Earth has the PERFECT conditions:

  1. Liquid water — universal solvent for life
  2. Atmosphere with oxygen for breathing
  3. Right temperature (not too hot, not too cold)
  4. Magnetic field protects from solar radiation
  5. Ozone layer blocks harmful UV
  6. Stable orbit around a stable star (Sun)
  7. Moon stabilises Earth's tilt
  8. Plate tectonics recycle nutrients

The 'Goldilocks zone' — not too close, not too far from Sun.

3. Layers of Earth

Cross-section

From surface to centre:

1. Crust

  • Outer rocky layer
  • Thickness: 5-70 km
  • Solid; we live on it
  • Continental crust (under land) thicker than oceanic crust (under ocean)

2. Mantle

  • Below crust
  • Thickness: ~2,900 km
  • Mostly solid but flows slowly (over millions of years)
  • Drives plate tectonics

3. Outer Core

  • Liquid metal (iron, nickel)
  • Thickness: ~2,200 km
  • Movement creates Earth's magnetic field

4. Inner Core

  • Solid metal (iron, nickel)
  • Radius: ~1,200 km
  • Very hot (~5,500°C) but solid due to immense pressure

Plate Tectonics

  • Earth's crust is broken into ~7 major and many minor plates
  • Plates move ~few cm/year (about as fast as your fingernails grow)
  • Movement causes:
    • Earthquakes (when plates slip)
    • Volcanoes (where plates separate or collide)
    • Mountains (where plates collide, e.g., Himalayas formed)
    • Trenches (where one plate dives under another)

Major Plates

  • Indian Plate
  • Eurasian Plate
  • African Plate
  • Pacific Plate (largest)
  • North American Plate
  • South American Plate
  • Antarctic Plate

India sits on the Indian Plate, which is moving northward into the Eurasian Plate — that's why the Himalayas continue to RISE by about 5 mm per year!

4. The Four Spheres

1. Lithosphere (Land)

  • Solid outer layer (crust + upper mantle)
  • Includes mountains, plains, deserts, ocean floors
  • Source of minerals, soil, rocks

2. Hydrosphere (Water)

  • All water on Earth
  • 71% of Earth's surface
  • Distribution: 97% oceans, 2.5% freshwater (glaciers, groundwater, rivers), 0.5% atmospheric

3. Atmosphere (Air)

Layers (bottom to top):

  • Troposphere (0-12 km): weather happens here, breathable air
  • Stratosphere (12-50 km): contains ozone layer
  • Mesosphere (50-85 km): meteors burn up here
  • Thermosphere (85-600 km): aurora occurs; very thin
  • Exosphere (above 600 km): merges with space

4. Biosphere (Life)

  • Includes all living things
  • Extends from deep ocean to high mountains
  • Interconnected with other spheres

All Spheres Interact

  • Trees (biosphere) need water (hydrosphere) and soil (lithosphere), absorb CO₂ (atmosphere)
  • Rivers (hydrosphere) flow over land (lithosphere), provide habitat (biosphere)
  • All cycles connect them

5. Atmosphere — Earth's Protective Blanket

Composition (at sea level)

  • Nitrogen (N₂): ~78%
  • Oxygen (O₂): ~21%
  • Argon (Ar): ~0.9%
  • Carbon dioxide (CO₂): ~0.04% (and rising!)
  • Other: water vapour, methane, ozone, neon, helium

Functions

  • Provides oxygen for breathing
  • Blocks harmful UV radiation (via ozone layer)
  • Burns up meteors
  • Traps heat (greenhouse effect) — natural warming
  • Distributes water via clouds and rain
  • Carries sound

Ozone Layer

  • O₃ in stratosphere
  • Blocks harmful UV-B radiation from Sun
  • Damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
  • Montreal Protocol (1987): banned CFCs globally
  • Ozone hole over Antarctica is healing slowly

6. Hydrosphere — The Water World

Distribution

  • Oceans: 97% (salt water, mostly Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern)
  • Glaciers + ice caps: 2% (frozen freshwater)
  • Groundwater: 0.6%
  • Lakes, rivers, atmosphere: 0.4%

Indian Rivers

  • Major: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Narmada
  • Source: Himalayas (perennial), Western Ghats, Vindhyas
  • Vital for agriculture, drinking water, hydroelectricity

Water Crisis in India

  • 17% of world's people, only 4% of world's freshwater
  • Groundwater depleting fast in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
  • Many cities (Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi) face water shortage
  • Solution: rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, conservation

7. Lithosphere — Land and Soil

Rocks

Three types:

  • Igneous (formed from cooled lava): granite, basalt
  • Sedimentary (formed from sediments): sandstone, limestone
  • Metamorphic (transformed by heat/pressure): marble, slate

Soil

  • Top layer of land
  • Formed by weathering of rocks + decomposed organic matter
  • Layers: topsoil, subsoil, parent rock
  • Different types: alluvial (rivers), black (volcanic), red, laterite, desert

India's Geological Wealth

  • Coal: Jharkhand, Odisha
  • Iron ore: Karnataka, Odisha
  • Bauxite: Odisha, Gujarat
  • Petroleum: Mumbai High, Assam
  • Gold: Kolar (Karnataka, mostly closed)
  • Diamonds: Panna (MP)

8. Climate Change — The Greatest Challenge

What is It?

Long-term change in Earth's climate, primarily caused by human activities increasing greenhouse gases (CO₂, methane).

Causes

  • Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for energy
  • Deforestation (less CO₂ absorption)
  • Agriculture (methane from rice, cows)
  • Industry, transport

Effects (Observed)

  • Global warming: average temperature up by ~1.2°C (since 1880)
  • Melting glaciers and ice caps
  • Rising sea levels (~3 mm/year)
  • More extreme weather (heatwaves, cyclones, droughts)
  • Shifting monsoons in India
  • Species extinction accelerating
  • Coral bleaching in oceans

Impact on India

  • Glaciers in Himalayas melting (threatens river flows)
  • Monsoon becoming more erratic
  • Heatwaves more intense (45°C+ in summers)
  • Cyclones increasing in Arabian Sea
  • Sea-level rise threatens coastal cities (Mumbai, Chennai)

Solutions

  • Renewable energy (solar, wind)
  • Electric vehicles
  • Energy efficiency
  • Reforestation
  • International cooperation (Paris Agreement 2015)

India's Actions

  • Target: 500 GW renewable by 2030
  • 'Panchamrit' commitment at COP26 (2021)
  • Net-zero by 2070
  • Massive solar parks (Bhadla, Pavagada)
  • Push for EVs (electric vehicles)

9. Pollution

Types

  • Air: dust, smoke, gases (CO, SO₂, NO₂). India has worst-polluted cities (Delhi, Kolkata).
  • Water: sewage, industrial waste, plastic. Yamuna, Ganga heavily polluted in stretches.
  • Soil: pesticides, fertilisers, industrial waste.
  • Noise: vehicles, construction, factories.
  • Plastic: ocean plastic, microplastics in food chain.

Effects

  • Respiratory diseases (asthma, lung cancer)
  • Water-borne diseases (cholera, typhoid)
  • Crop damage
  • Wildlife harm

Solutions

  • Strict emission norms (Bharat Stage VI for vehicles)
  • Sewage treatment plants
  • Banning single-use plastics
  • Public transport
  • Tree plantation
  • Industries to manage waste

10. Earth Day and Global Awareness

Earth Day: 22 April

  • Annual day to celebrate and protect Earth
  • First observed in 1970
  • Worldwide events, activities

COP (Conference of the Parties)

  • Annual UN climate meeting
  • India is signatory of Paris Agreement (2015)
  • India hosted G20 in 2023 with environment focus

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • 17 UN goals to achieve by 2030
  • Several related to Earth: clean water, climate action, life on land, life below water

11. Indian Environmental Traditions

Ancient Texts

  • Vedas describe Earth as 'Mother' (Bhumi Mata)
  • Yajna ceremonies emphasised harmony with nature
  • Sacred trees (Peepal), animals (cow), rivers (Ganga)

Movements

  • Chipko Movement (1973): tree protection
  • Narmada Bachao Andolan: against destructive dams
  • Save the Western Ghats
  • Plastic ban in several states (TN, MH, Sikkim)

Modern Initiatives

  • Swachh Bharat: cleanliness mission
  • National Solar Mission
  • Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) — launched 2022

12. Worked Examples

Example 1: Layers

Which layer of Earth generates the magnetic field?

  • The OUTER CORE (liquid metal — iron, nickel — whose motion creates the magnetic field)

Example 2: Atmosphere

Why is the ozone layer important?

  • It blocks harmful UV-B radiation from the Sun
  • Without it, UV would damage DNA, cause skin cancer, harm crops
  • Located in the stratosphere (~15-35 km up)

Example 3: Plate Tectonics

Why are the Himalayas still rising?

  • Indian Plate is moving NORTH into Eurasian Plate
  • Collision pushes land upward
  • Rise: about 5 mm per year

Example 4: Climate

Name three causes of climate change.

  • Burning fossil fuels (CO₂)
  • Deforestation
  • Methane from livestock and rice paddies

Example 5: Solution

How can students help fight climate change?

  • Use cycle/walk for short distances
  • Save electricity
  • Plant trees
  • Reduce, reuse, recycle
  • Use less plastic
  • Eat less meat (lower methane footprint)

13. Common Mistakes

  1. Earth is flat at the poles

    • Earth is OBLATE SPHEROID — slightly flattened at poles, bulging at equator. Diameter at equator > at poles.

  2. Atmosphere ends abruptly

    • Atmosphere gradually thins; no sharp boundary. 'Space' begins at Kármán line (100 km up).

  3. Oxygen is the most abundant gas

    • WRONG. NITROGEN is most abundant (78%); oxygen is 21%.

  4. Climate change is natural and we can't do anything

    • HUMAN activity is the main current cause. We CAN reduce emissions.

  5. One person's actions don't matter

    • Multiplied by billions, individual actions DO matter. Plus, we influence others.

14. Conclusion

Earth is unique — at least, the only home for life we know. Class 8 Science (Curiosity) ends with this chapter to remind students:

  • Earth is wondrous — perfect conditions for life, beautiful in every layer
  • Earth is vulnerable — climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss are real threats
  • Earth is our responsibility — humanity must protect what sustains us

The science you learn — chemistry, physics, biology, ecology — is meant to be USED for Earth's protection. Every Class 8 student becomes part of the generation that must lead the solution.

India's ancient tradition called Earth 'Bhumi Mata' (Mother Earth). Modern science confirms her preciousness. Now it's our turn to honour her — through knowledge, action, and care.

You are the inheritor and the protector of this Pale Blue Dot. Make it count.

Key formulas & results

Everything you need to memorise, in one card. Screenshot this for revision.

Earth diameter
~12,742 km
Slightly oblate
Earth-Sun distance
~150 million km (1 AU)
Earth's age
~4.54 billion years
Atmospheric composition
N₂ 78%, O₂ 21%, Ar 1%, CO₂ 0.04%
Ocean coverage
71% of Earth's surface
Earth Day
22 April annually
Indian climate target
Net-zero by 2070; 500 GW renewable by 2030
⚠️

Common mistakes & fixes

These are the exact errors that cost students marks in board exams. Read them once, save yourself the trouble.

WATCH OUT
✗ Atmosphere ends sharply
✓ Atmosphere gradually thins into space. 'Kármán line' at 100 km is the international boundary.
WATCH OUT
✗ Oxygen is most abundant atmospheric gas
✓ NITROGEN is most abundant (~78%). Oxygen is second (~21%).
WATCH OUT
✗ Climate change is natural and unstoppable
✓ Current rapid warming is mainly DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY. We CAN reduce emissions and slow it.
WATCH OUT
✗ Individual actions don't matter
✓ Multiplied by billions, individual choices have HUGE impact. Plus, individuals influence others and policies.

NCERT exercises (with solutions)

Every NCERT exercise from this chapter — what it covers and how many questions to expect.

Activities
Activities
Tree plantation, conservation projects
5
Questions
Ex
Exercise
12
Questions

Practice problems

Try each one yourself before tapping "Show solution". Active recall > rereading.

Q1EASY· Layers
What are the four main layers of Earth?
▶ Show solution
✦ Answer: From surface to centre: CRUST (rocky outer), MANTLE (mostly solid but flowing), OUTER CORE (liquid metal), INNER CORE (solid metal).
Q2EASY· Atmosphere
Name the layer where the ozone is found.
▶ Show solution
✦ Answer: STRATOSPHERE (12-50 km up). The ozone layer blocks harmful UV-B radiation from Sun.
Q3MEDIUM· Climate
Explain three major effects of climate change on India.
▶ Show solution
Step 1 — Glacier melting in Himalayas. Higher temperatures cause Himalayan glaciers to retreat faster. This threatens: • Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra rivers (fed by glaciers) • Water supply for billions in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh • Long-term: glacier loss means river drying Step 2 — Monsoon disruption. Climate change is making monsoon erratic: • Heavier downpours interrupted by dry spells • Late or early arrival • Spatial variability (some areas flood, others drought) • Agriculture (which depends on monsoon) is destabilised Step 3 — More extreme weather. Increased frequency and intensity of: • Heatwaves: 45°C+ summers in North India • Cyclones: Arabian Sea cyclones (rare before) increasing • Floods: Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru repeatedly flooded • Droughts: longer dry periods in parts of India Step 4 — Other effects. • Sea level rise threatens coastal cities (Mumbai, Chennai) • Species extinction • Health impacts (heat stroke, mosquito-borne disease spread) • Agricultural disruption Step 5 — India's response. • Target 500 GW renewable energy by 2030 • Net-zero by 2070 (COP26 pledge) • Massive solar parks (Bhadla, Pavagada) • Push for EVs • Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) ✦ Answer: Three major effects: (1) HIMALAYAN GLACIER MELTING (threatens river systems), (2) MONSOON DISRUPTION (erratic, threatens agriculture), (3) EXTREME WEATHER (heatwaves, cyclones, floods). India is among the most vulnerable nations and is taking action through renewable energy push and net-zero target by 2070.
Q4HARD· Application
Discuss India's approach to environmental conservation and what students can contribute.
▶ Show solution
Step 1 — India's environmental context. India has 17% of world's population, 4% of freshwater, 2.4% of land area. We face significant pressure on natural resources. At the same time, India has rich biodiversity, ancient sustainable traditions, and is moving rapidly to address modern challenges. Step 2 — Government initiatives. • CLEAN ENERGY: target 500 GW renewable by 2030; world's largest solar parks (Bhadla, Pavagada) • NET-ZERO: India's COP26 pledge for net-zero by 2070 • CLEAN GANGA MISSION: river restoration • SWACHH BHARAT: sanitation and cleanliness drive • NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME: reduce PM 2.5 by 40% in 122 cities • PROJECT TIGER, ELEPHANT: wildlife protection • NATIONAL POLICIES on water, forests, biodiversity Step 3 — Policy successes. • Tiger population: 1,400 (2008) → 3,167 (2022) • Forest cover: increased to 24.62% of land • Renewable energy: 200 GW achieved (target 500 GW) • Bharat Stage VI vehicle norms (matches Euro 6) • Plastic ban in several states Step 4 — Ongoing challenges. • Air pollution: many of world's most polluted cities are Indian • Water scarcity: groundwater depletion alarming • Plastic waste: massive issue • Deforestation continues in some areas • Climate change impacts mounting Step 5 — What students can do. PERSONAL ACTIONS: • Use cycle/walk for short trips • Save electricity (turn off lights, fans) • Save water (no wastage, fix leaks) • Use cloth bags, refuse single-use plastic • Plant trees on birthdays • Compost kitchen waste • Repair instead of replace Step 6 — Community actions. • Form environment clubs at school • Organise clean-up drives in neighbourhood • Visit and learn from national parks • Educate parents, siblings, friends • Plant and maintain a kitchen garden • Support local farmers (less transport carbon) Step 7 — Citizen science. • Use apps like iNaturalist, eBird to record species • Air quality apps to track pollution • Climate citizen monitoring Step 8 — Future as professional. Future careers in: • Renewable energy engineering • Conservation biology • Environmental policy • Sustainable agriculture • Green building design • Climate science Step 9 — Influence others. • Share knowledge • Vote for environmentally conscious leaders (when older) • Choose sustainable brands • Speak up against environmental harm Step 10 — Long-term outlook. India's environment will largely depend on YOUR generation's actions. Started today, sustainable habits multiply over decades. India can become both prosperous and ecologically vibrant — but requires every citizen's contribution. Step 11 — Indian heritage as guide. Ancient India revered nature: trees (peepal), animals (cow), rivers (Ganga). Modern science confirms this wisdom. Sustainable living is in our DNA — we need only revive it. ✦ Answer: India is taking major steps: 500 GW renewable target, net-zero by 2070, Clean Ganga, Swachh Bharat, Project Tiger. Successes include doubled tiger population, growing forest cover, expanding renewables. STUDENTS can contribute through: personal habits (save water/electricity, reduce plastic, plant trees), community actions (clean-up drives, school environment clubs), citizen science (recording species), educating others, and choosing future careers in environmental fields. Every individual matters when multiplied by 1.4 billion.

5-minute revision

The whole chapter, distilled. Read this the night before the exam.

  • •Earth age: 4.54 billion years; diameter ~12,742 km
  • •Layers: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
  • •Magnetic field from liquid outer core motion
  • •Plate tectonics: Indian plate moving north → Himalayas rising 5mm/year
  • •Four spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere
  • •Atmosphere: 78% N₂, 21% O₂, 1% Ar, 0.04% CO₂
  • •Atmosphere layers: troposphere (weather), stratosphere (ozone), mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
  • •Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks UV-B
  • •Oceans cover 71% of Earth; 97% of water is salt water
  • •India: 17% world pop, only 4% freshwater
  • •Climate change: human-caused, rapid warming
  • •Effects: glacier melt, sea level rise, extreme weather
  • •Indian targets: 500 GW renewable by 2030, net-zero by 2070
  • •Earth Day: 22 April; Paris Agreement (2015)
  • •Initiatives: Project Tiger, Clean Ganga, Swachh Bharat, Mission LiFE
  • •Tiger population: ~1,400 (2008) → 3,167 (2022) — Project Tiger success

CBSE marks blueprint

Where the marks come from in this chapter — so you can plan your prep.

Typical chapter weightage: 10-12 marks per chapter

Question typeMarks eachTypical countWhat it tests
MCQ / Very Short13Layers, spheres, atmospheric composition
Short Answer32Climate change, pollution, Indian environment
Long Answer51Comprehensive Earth analysis, environmental responsibility
Prep strategy
  • Memorise 4 Earth layers and key facts
  • Know atmospheric composition (78% N₂, 21% O₂)
  • List four spheres
  • Memorise climate change causes and India's responses
  • Memorise key environmental initiatives (Project Tiger, etc.)

Where this shows up in the real world

This chapter isn't just an exam topic — it lives in the world around you.

Bhadla Solar Park, Rajasthan

World's largest solar park (~2,245 MW). Symbol of India's renewable energy push.

Indian electric vehicle (EV) push

Tata, Mahindra, Ola Electric, Hero — Indian EV revolution. Government target: 30% EVs by 2030.

ISRO climate satellites

Resourcesat, Cartosat monitor land use, deforestation, melting glaciers — provide climate data.

Mission LiFE (2022)

Lifestyle for Environment — India's global initiative urging individuals to adopt eco-friendly lifestyles.

Forest cover increase

India added ~1,500 sq km of forest in last assessment. Some states (MP, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka) leading.

Exam strategy

Battle-tested tips from teachers and toppers for this chapter.

  1. Memorise Earth's 4 layers in order
  2. List the 4 spheres clearly
  3. Quote atmospheric composition: N₂ 78%, O₂ 21%
  4. For climate questions, give 3 causes and 3 effects
  5. Always mention Indian context (Himalayas, monsoon, target)
  6. Connect personal actions to global change

Going beyond the textbook

For olympiad aspirants and curious learners — topics that build on this chapter.

  • Pangaea and continental drift
  • Greenhouse effect physics
  • Carbon footprint calculations
  • Renewable energy technologies
  • Read 'The Sixth Extinction' by Elizabeth Kolbert

Where else this chapter is tested

CBSE board isn't the only one — other exams test this chapter too.

CBSE Class 8 School ExamVery High
Science OlympiadVery High
Geography OlympiadVery High
Environmental OlympiadVery High
Class 9-10 GeographyVery High
UPSC General Studies (Environment)Very High

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Questions students ask

The real ones — pulled from the Q&A community and tutor sessions.

Like the fairy tale character who found porridge 'just right' — not too hot, not too cold — Earth has 'just right' conditions for life. Just close enough to Sun for warmth, far enough to keep water liquid. Right size to hold atmosphere. Magnetic field for protection. Stable star (Sun) and stable orbit. Moon stabilises tilt. Plate tectonics for nutrient recycling. Many such 'just right' factors combine on Earth alone (so far in known universe).

India committed to NET-ZERO BY 2070 at COP26 (2021) in Glasgow. The path: rapidly expand renewables (target 500 GW by 2030), shift to electric vehicles, plant trees, reduce fossil fuel dependence. Challenges: large population, ongoing development needs, current high coal dependence (~75% of electricity from coal). Possible if global support and Indian commitment continue. Each citizen's actions matter.

NO — ALL species are affected. Many cannot adapt fast enough and face extinction. Examples: coral reefs dying from ocean warming, polar bears losing ice habitat, Indian tiger habitats shrinking, Himalayan species pushed higher. Mass extinction event is underway. Humans (with technology) may survive but quality of life will degrade. Saving climate = saving biodiversity = saving humanity.

Practice more, ask doubts, find a tutor

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