Understanding Elementary Shapes

1. Triangles

A triangle is a three-sided polygon. Sum of its three angles = 180.

Classification by Sides

TypeDefinitionExample
EquilateralAll three sides equalAll angles = 60
IsoscelesTwo sides equalBase angles equal
ScaleneNo sides equalAll sides different

Classification by Angles

TypeDefinitionExample
Acute-angledAll angles < 9060, 70, 50
Right-angledOne angle = 9090, 45, 45
Obtuse-angledOne angle > 90110, 35, 35

Common Mistake: Thinking an equilateral triangle cannot be acute-angled. It is actually the most perfectly acute triangle (all angles 60).

Exam Focus (2 marks): 'Classify a triangle with sides 5 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm.'

Two sides equal: Isosceles triangle. Check angles: base angles are equal.

Worked Example: In a right triangle, if one acute angle is 35, find the other.

Sum of angles = 180. Right angle = 90. Other two sum to 90.
Other acute angle = 90 - 35 = 55.

2. Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. Sum of its four angles = 360.

TypeProperties
SquareAll sides equal, all angles 90, diagonals equal and bisect at 90
RectangleOpposite sides equal, all angles 90, diagonals equal
RhombusAll sides equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals bisect at 90
ParallelogramOpposite sides parallel and equal, opposite angles equal
TrapeziumOne pair of opposite sides parallel
KiteTwo pairs of adjacent equal sides

Common Mistake: Thinking that all rectangles are squares. No: a square is a special rectangle where all sides are equal, but not all rectangles are squares.

Worked Example: In a parallelogram, one angle is 75. Find the other angles.

Opposite angle = 75. Adjacent angles are supplementary: 180 - 75 = 105.
Angles: 75, 105, 75, 105. Sum = 360.

3. Polygons

A polygon is a closed figure with three or more straight sides.

SidesName
3Triangle
4Quadrilateral
5Pentagon
6Hexagon
7Heptagon
8Octagon
9Nonagon
10Decagon

Regular vs Irregular

  • Regular polygon: All sides equal and all angles equal (e.g., equilateral triangle, square).
  • Irregular polygon: Sides and angles are not all equal.

Exam Focus (2 marks): 'How many sides does a hexagon have? Is it regular if all its sides are 4 cm each and all angles are 120?'

6 sides. Yes, it is a regular hexagon because all sides and all angles are equal.

4. 3D Shapes

Key Terms

  • Face: A flat surface of a 3D shape.
  • Edge: Where two faces meet (a line segment).
  • Vertex (vertices): Where three or more edges meet (a corner).

Common 3D Shapes

ShapeFacesEdgesVerticesDescription
Cube6128All faces squares
Cuboid6128Opposite faces equal rectangles
Sphere100Curved surface, no edges
Cylinder3202 circular faces + curved surface
Cone2111 circular face + curved surface
Pyramid585Square base + 4 triangular faces

Common Mistake: Confusing the number of edges of a cube (12) with the number of faces (6). A cube has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices.

Euler's Formula (for polyhedra)

F + V - E = 2

Worked Example: A polyhedron has 6 faces and 12 edges. Find the number of vertices.

Using F + V - E = 2: 6 + V - 12 = 2 => V - 6 = 2 => V = 8.

5. Nets of 3D Shapes

A net is a 2D pattern that can be folded to form a 3D shape.

  • Cube: 11 different nets exist.
  • Cuboid: 6 rectangular faces arranged in a cross pattern.
  • Cylinder: Two circles and a rectangle.
  • Cone: A sector of a circle and a base circle.

6. Self-Test

  1. Classify a triangle with angles 40, 70, 70 by sides and by angles.
  2. One angle of a parallelogram is 130. Find the others.
  3. How many diagonals does a pentagon have?
  4. A polyhedron has 5 faces and 5 vertices. Find its edges using Euler's formula.
  5. Name the 3D shape with: (a) 6 square faces (b) 2 circular faces (c) 1 vertex.
  6. True or false: A square is always a rectangle.
  7. Draw a rough sketch of a trapezium and mark its parallel sides.

7. Answers to Self-Test

  1. By angles: acute-angled (all < 90). By sides: isosceles (two equal angles => two equal sides).
  2. Opposite angle = 130. Adjacent = 180 - 130 = 50. Angles: 130, 50, 130, 50.
  3. 5 diagonals.
  4. F + V - E = 2 => 5 + 5 - E = 2 => E = 8.
  5. (a) Cube (b) Cylinder (c) Cone.
  6. True: a square satisfies all properties of a rectangle (opposite sides equal, all angles 90).
  7. Draw a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel. Mark the parallel sides.
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