Analogies and Logical Relationships — Practice

Question 1

Doctor is to Hospital as Teacher is to ___.
(a) School (b) Student (c) Lesson (d) Books

Accepted Answer

(a) School.

The relationship is 'the institution where the professional works': a doctor works in a hospital, a teacher works in a school. Student, lesson and books do not fit that workplace relationship.

Question 2

Thermometer is to Temperature as Barometer is to ___.
(a) Pressure (b) Weather (c) Rain (d) Wind

Accepted Answer

(a) Pressure.

The relationship is 'instrument : the quantity it measures'. A thermometer measures temperature; a barometer measures atmospheric pressure. Weather, rain and wind are related to pressure but are not what a barometer directly measures.

Question 3

Argument: All roses are flowers. This object is a rose. Therefore, this object is a flower.
Which argument reasons in the same way?
(a) All metals conduct electricity. Copper is a metal. Therefore, copper conducts electricity. (b) Some flowers are red. This is red. So it is a flower. (c) All roses are flowers. This is a flower. So it is a rose. (d) Roses are beautiful, so everyone likes them.

Accepted Answer

(a) All metals conduct electricity. Copper is a metal. Therefore, copper conducts electricity.

The skeleton is 'All A are B; X is A; so X is B'. Option (a) copies it exactly. Option (c) reverses it (a common invalid form), and (b) and (d) have different structures.

Question 4

Argument: If the alarm had rung, everyone would have left the building. Not everyone left. Therefore, the alarm did not ring.
Which argument uses the same reasoning?
(a) If the switch were on, the light would glow. The light is not glowing. Therefore, the switch is not on. (b) If the switch is on, the light glows. The switch is on. So the light glows. (c) If it is raining, the match is cancelled. The match is cancelled. So it is raining. (d) The alarm is loud, so people hear it.

Accepted Answer

(a) If the switch were on, the light would glow. The light is not glowing. Therefore, the switch is not on.

The form is 'If P then Q; not Q; so not P' (modus tollens). Option (a) matches it. Option (b) is modus ponens and (c) affirms the consequent — different forms.

Question 5

Argument: If it rained last night, the ground would be wet. The ground is wet. Therefore, it rained last night.
Which argument repeats the same flawed reasoning?
(a) If a book is a bestseller, it sells many copies. This book sold many copies. Therefore, it is a bestseller. (b) If a book is a bestseller, it sells many copies. This book is a bestseller. So it sold many copies. (c) All bestsellers sell well, and this sold well, so it is well written. (d) This book sold poorly, so it is not a bestseller.

Accepted Answer

(a) If a book is a bestseller, it sells many copies. This book sold many copies. Therefore, it is a bestseller.

Both commit 'affirming the consequent': If P then Q; Q is true; so P. The wet ground could have another cause (a sprinkler), and many copies could sell for other reasons. Option (a) copies the same flaw.

Question 6

Author is to Novel as Sculptor is to ___.
(a) Statue (b) Chisel (c) Clay (d) Museum

Accepted Answer

(a) Statue.

The relationship is 'creator : the work created'. An author creates a novel; a sculptor creates a statue. A chisel is the tool, clay is the material, and a museum is where the work is shown — none is the created work.

Question 7

Argument: Either the report was lost or it was never written. It was not lost. Therefore, it was never written.
Which argument uses the same reasoning?
(a) Either she took the bus or she walked. She did not take the bus. Therefore, she walked. (b) She took the bus, so she did not walk. (c) If she took the bus, she paid a fare. She paid a fare. So she took the bus. (d) She usually walks, so she walked today.

Accepted Answer

(a) Either she took the bus or she walked. She did not take the bus. Therefore, she walked.

The form is 'Either P or Q; not P; so Q' — disjunctive elimination. Option (a) matches it exactly; the others use different structures.

Question 8

Argument: No successful athlete neglects sleep. Ravi neglects sleep. Therefore, Ravi is not a successful athlete.
Which argument reasons in the same way?
(a) Every good athlete trains daily. Ravi trains daily. So Ravi is a good athlete. (b) No honest witness lies under oath. This witness lied under oath. Therefore, this witness is not honest. (c) Most athletes are fit, and Ravi is fit, so Ravi is an athlete. (d) Ravi neglects sleep, so he must be tired.

Accepted Answer

(b) No honest witness lies under oath. This witness lied under oath. Therefore, this witness is not honest.

The skeleton is 'No A are B; X is B; so X is not A'. Option (b) copies it, despite the different topic. Option (a) is about athletes — the same subject — but has an invalid, different structure, which is the trap.

Practice — Analogies and Logical Relationships

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